Unalloyed titanium; Commercially pure titanium is the most common grade of titanium utilized throughout industry due to its ease of availability and good properties. 

Titanium Grade 2 Specifications: UNS R50400, ASTM B 348, AMS 4921, ASTM F 67, ISO 5832-2, EN 3.7035, ASTM F467 (nuts), ASTM F468 (bolts)

Titanium Grade 5 (Ti 6Al-4V) / UNS R56400 / 3.7165

Ti 6Al-4V, or Grade 5 titanium, is 2x stronger than titanium grade 2. This alloy offers high strength and light weight, useful formability and high corrosion resistance. Ti 6AI-4V finds many uses in the aerospace, medical, marine and chemical processing industries. 

Titanium Grade 5 Specifications:  UNS R56400, EN 3.7165, ASTM - B265, B348, B381, B861, F467 and F468, AMS - 4911, 4928, 4935, 4965 and 4967, MIL-T - 9046 and - 9047, EN 3.7165

Titanium Grade 7 (Ti-0.15Pd) / UNS R52400 / 3.7235

Grade 7 is the most corrosion resistant of all titanium alloys and is typically used in chemical processes and production equipment components. Similar to Grade 2, but with the addition of 0.12 to 0.25% palladium, Grade 7 has enhanced corrosion resistance to reducing acids and localized attack in hot halides. 

Titanium Grade 7 Specifications: ASTM - B265, B337, B338, B348, B363, B381, B861 and B862, EN 3.7235

Titanium Grade 23 (TI 6AL-4V ELI) / UNSR56401 / 3.7165

Titanium grade 23 or TI 6AL-4V ELI is an Extra Low Interstice Grade. This grade is similar to Grade 5, but because of the low interstices, its mechanical properties are enhanced. This ELI grade is often found in more demanding medical device applications as well as industrial applications.

Titanium Grade 23 Specifications: UNS R52400, ASTM - B265, B348, B363, B381, B861, B862 andF136, AMS - 4907, 4930 and 4956, EN 3.7165

Titanium bolts and nuts have a wide range of applications across various industries due to their unique properties. Here are some common applications where titanium bolts and nuts are often used:

1. Aerospace and Aviation: Titanium's high strength-to-weight ratio makes it ideal for aircraft and spacecraft applications. Titanium bolts and nuts are used in critical areas such as engine components, landing gear, and structural assemblies.

2. Automotive Industry: Titanium bolts and nuts find applications in high-performance racing cars and motorcycles due to their lightweight nature and strength. They are commonly used in engine components, suspension systems, and exhaust systems.

3. Marine Industry: Titanium's excellent corrosion resistance makes it well-suited for marine environments. Titanium bolts and nuts are used in boat and shipbuilding, offshore structures, and underwater equipment where resistance to saltwater and harsh conditions is crucial.

4. Medical and Dental: Titanium is biocompatible, meaning it is well-tolerated by the human body. Titanium bolts and nuts are used in medical implants, orthopedic devices, and dental applications such as dental implants and braces.

5. Chemical Processing: Titanium's resistance to corrosion and high temperatures makes it suitable for chemical processing equipment. Titanium bolts and nuts are used in reactors, heat exchangers, and piping systems where resistance to corrosive chemicals is required.

6. Sports Equipment: Titanium bolts and nuts are used in sports equipment like bicycles, motorcycles, and sports cars due to their lightweight and high strength properties.

7. Electronics and Technology: Titanium bolts and nuts are used in electronic devices and equipment where lightweight components and high strength are necessary.
   
   Frequently asked questions and answers for titanium bolts and nuts:

   Q: What are the advantages of using titanium bolts and nuts? A: Titanium bolts and nuts offer several advantages. They are lightweight, have a high strength-to-weight ratio, and excellent corrosion resistance. They are also biocompatible, making them suitable for medical and dental applications. Additionally, titanium has good temperature resistance and can withstand extreme conditions.

   Q: Are titanium bolts and nuts more expensive than traditional steel fasteners? A: Yes, titanium bolts and nuts are generally more expensive than traditional steel fasteners. Titanium is a more costly material to produce, and its manufacturing process requires specialized equipment and expertise. However, the long-term benefits, such as durability and corrosion resistance, often outweigh the initial cost.

   Q: Can titanium bolts and nuts be used interchangeably with steel fasteners? A: Titanium bolts and nuts have different properties than steel fasteners, so it's important to consider the specific application and requirements. While titanium bolts and nuts are generally stronger and lighter, they may have different thread pitches or torque specifications. It's recommended to consult with a professional or refer to the manufacturer's guidelines when replacing steel fasteners with titanium ones.

   Q: Can titanium bolts and nuts be reused? A: Reusing titanium bolts and nuts is possible, but it's important to exercise caution. Titanium has a lower elasticity than steel, which means it may lose its clamping force after repeated use. It's advisable to consult with an expert or follow the manufacturer's recommendations to ensure the integrity and safety of the fasteners.

   Q: Are there any limitations to using titanium bolts and nuts? A: While titanium bolts and nuts have many advantages, they do have some limitations. Titanium is not as strong as certain types of steel, so it may not be suitable for applications requiring extremely high tensile strength. Additionally, titanium can gall or seize under high pressure, so proper lubrication and torque control are essential during installation.

   Q: Are there different grades of titanium bolts and nuts available? A: Yes, titanium bolts and nuts come in various grades, each with different properties and characteristics. The most common grades are Grade 2 and Grade 5 (Ti-6Al-4V). Grade 2 is commercially pure titanium, known for its excellent corrosion resistance and weldability. Grade 5 is an alloy that offers higher strength and is often used in aerospace and high-performance applications. It's important to select the appropriate grade based on the specific requirements of your application. 

   Q: Where can I purchase titanium bolts and nuts? A: Titanium bolts and nuts can be purchased from specialized suppliers, hardware stores, or online retailers. It's important to ensure that the supplier provides genuine and high-quality titanium fasteners. Consider factors such as reputation, certifications, and customer reviews when selecting a supplier.